Bengaluru: A brain scan conducted while someone is going through stress may detect shrinking in a part of the brain that can eventually lead to memory loss, says a study.
The findings showed that the shrinking of the hippocampus — the brain region associated with learning and memory — actually precedes the onset of a change in behaviour — namely the loss of memory.
“Until now, no one actually knew the evolution of these changes. Does the hippocampus shrink before or after memory loss? Or do the two happen hand-in-hand,” said Sumantra Chattarji, Professor at National Centre for Biological Sciences in Bengaluru, Karnataka, in a statement.
Using rats as a model system which reacts to stress much as humans do, the team studied how the brain changes in the structure during stress.
The results showed that when under stress, rats develop anxiety-related behaviours and their ability to form memories are affected.
In the study, rats were subjected to stress for two hours every day over 10 days.
The brains were examined with MRI scans on several days over the course of the study, and their ability to form memories were assessed repeatedly.
After just three days of stress, the hippocampus of every stressed rat had shrunk.
“Normally structural changes are seen in the brain after a long time — say 10 to 20 days. Three days doesn’t even count as chronic stress,” Chattarji added.
Five days after stress exposure, the rats’ hippocampus-based ability to make memories was tested again.
The stressed rats were found to perform almost as well as unstressed rats, the researchers said.
“Volume loss and shrinkage has already happened, yet spatial memory is still holding up,” Chattarji said.
In the early days of stress, shrinkage in the left hippocampus is more pronounced but at the end of 10 days, the right hippocampus loses the most volume.
The higher the shrinkage, the worse the rats’ performance on memory tests at the end of stress.
“This makes it even stronger that volume loss is a pretty good predictor of what the behavioural consequences will be at a much later stage,” Chattarji noted in the paper published in the journal Scientific Reports.